Box of atoms

gold boxes

Christmas Box 2006

New ornaments to the tree in 2006 snazzy new box.

box of atoms
BOX

of atoms

(1) metallic elements nonmetallic ELEMENTS

All the things we see on Earth are surprisingly from “92 things pure” name “elements” did. Rocks in the hills and mountains, sand, dust, mud and soil – these are the various combinations of only a few “ELEMNT 92″ ones made. Many rocks and sand are only two or three “92 elements” did!

rain water ponds and pools, water tanks, lakes and streams, water, huge waterfalls, rivers, seas and oceans — this Only two “elements”. Both by scientists such as hydrogen and oxygen.

all the air we breathe is only two “good things” (ieelements.) one oxygen is we already know, and the other is called nitrogen. Oxygen is the breath of life is made. Without it no living thing can live.

Note: In addition to these “92 elements” there are about 15 to 20 too.but other elements are “radioactive”, meaning they emit toxic invisible rays per second. Such “radioactive” elements not permenent existence, but slowly decaying one “element 92″. Knowledge that they are not necessory current debate.

92 elements are divided into two groups – (1) metallic properties, and (2) with no metallic properties. They (the scientists stress that they are “not metal” are.) As
/> Let us first think of “metals”. Ships metal houses, metal parts of machinery, metal wheels of the trains, and other metallic objects such as nails, pins etc. bars, gold and silver (and platnum) ornaments, metal wire coils of electric motors, isolated or insulated metal cables that carry electricity — All These are things, of metals.

What is this substance called “metal”? First, note and understand that the metal is present in all rocks and sand stones! All mountains and hills contain many metal elements in hidden! You can not metal of the stones by breaking them into powder. You have the stones to melt mixing with black coal.Then terrible heat of the pile of white metal coal-burning hot fluid flows hidden in the rocks glittering like magic. Where did this come from? From prehistory of the current metal strong jet age, especially by heating coal production mixure of stones. If you are going to the factories for the production of iron or copper, you see the red-hot liquid metal flows from the bottom of the oven! Well, some of the metals produced by high voltage currents molten rock.

Get to know the simple metal spoon, how he pulls metal. It may surprise us to know that the pure materials and metals are among the “92 elements”. However, the very strong metallic objects, the engineers use mixtures of two or three metals. Some metals to other metals dissolve when molten form alloys that are very strong.

If we compare something metal mixed with things such as brick, wood, rubber, plastic, etc., we feel surprised to see metals that are very bright, hard and heavy? Why metals, which with a beautiful sound sound? You can draw lines or make long thin sheets of metal. Why is it only with metals? Cotton yarn breaks, breaks a stick, breaking the board, even if we use a little force. But do not break the wire or metal. You just have to go. Why do metals heat up so quickly? What a piece of metal accidentally touched live electrical wire can kill people? To answer the question “why” a long history, we can not say here it is.

However, to hear fact.The nice and funny metal spoon, a gold ring the nail was billions of years ago in the heart of White Mercury! Let’s learn to love. All the stars like our sun are millions of degrees hot, may plasma. “Plasma” is thick and jelly white hot elements million degrees of heat. Plasma is a thousand times harder than metal, but should only be a very powerful steam white hot! This is a very special type of material is liquid or gas.

All Star is the only sun a thousand times larger than Earth. This is definitely millions of times larger than the “big city” where you live! Star is just white hot burning plasma. The flames of burning wood only 1,000 degrees hot? But the star is at the heart of millions of degrees hot! Only through a process of “cooking radioactive” all metals from plasma are produced naturally in the heart of a burning star. As a matter a little fire (ie, pieces the size of Earth and moon, or even large pieces) from the Sun separated by force majeure, round the sun cooled over billions of years, they were the planets. In this way from the sun-earth metals. Here on Earth, hundreds of billions of years of hot metals and nonmetals react blast to white stones. We have now again the bright metal by melting together with the metal coal.So stones, made palm, the ring nails over billions of years of time a star burns in the hearts of millions of degrees! Remained
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In addition to 20 other elements are metals.Out 20 “non-metal” there are elements
gas! You can easily mix with the air we breathe.Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and some of these gases. These researchers separated gases studied carefully to determine their characteristics, and that they also belong to 92 pure elements from which all things unverse! We have some solid non-metals. They are very fragile and break easily, is easy to pieces when they hit something hard. Coal or coal, from which we receive afer burning any organic material is one of 92 elements. It is amazing to note that all traces of organic material (material from animals, plants or animal body) is obtained containing a metallic element carbon inmost way very invisible.

some other non-metallic elements in solid silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron and iodine. Most brittle break easily. Scientists determined only with great difficulty, after hundreds of thousands of experiments in laboratories around the world last 300 years that these materials are very clean, well below the 92 elements. They are just as important as metals, all materials physicalworld.The building sand and do all the tiles, stones, hills, mountain ranges are mainly salts billionsof reaction took place between metals and nonmetals, centuries ago, when Earth was very hot.Perhaps billion billion tons of metals and responses to metals is not hot.

In addition, all the water in the oceans, seas, rivers and lakes every drop of water anywhere, even in those times is when the two gases, hydrogen and oxygen (billions of cubic miles of volume) converted and connected together part of a world. But surprisingly all the air in our atmosphere (the length of more than 100 miles above the Earth like an ocean of air hundreds of miles deep) comprised two separate oxygen and nitrogen gases, which did not react with each other and with each other. They are available separately through the air like a “mixture” (as we have particles of sand and particles of sugar in a bowl). The air is something else than a mixture of these gases after the first necessary corrections on the left. First, the atmosphere with gases such as methane combination, carbon dioxide was full, etc. But then, after the evolution of life, the growth of plants and their migration on dry land released large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. (It helped later to move animals, country)

So we need to recognize that all materials in the physical world (if inanimate objects like mountains and oceans, or substances in the bodies of living beings) are all 92 elements of the metals are not made metals . Nonmetals some solids and some gases. There’s only one without a liquid metal (Brom) and liquid metal (mercury). We should also understand that the element (or any other material), liquid or gas is called, that this situation exists laboratoties ordinary temperatures and houses, which the whole world in all seasons.

2) millions of “connections” pure

Scientists are fighting for more than 400 years of separate substanses very pure. They took a sample of any material on fire and burned it, dissolved in water or dissolved in a very aggressive fluids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc., to see if they’ll break response, and whether new materials response. They examined various metal, coal, minerals, ores, stones, salt, ash, etc., and the dust, clay, stone, glass, lime, etc.. They also invented the test apparatus fluids and lubricants. They even checked to see how things like clean water and air and smoke, whether they are still pure substances;

contain all the search picked up was a big science (so-called chemistry). Some people tried some cheaper metals such as tin bronze, lead, etc., to convert the gold! They began to look very corrosive liquids that dissolve stones and metals, to produce an entirely new substances.Sulphuric, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydroxides can sodium.potassium, calcium etc are such materials. They kept the most refined and crystallized salts obtained after repeated their ash concentrated on many solutions.They pure (after the burning of very thin metal strips in air). So after decades of laboratory experiments in thousands of old Europe, they get into labs, hundreds of very pure standard materials. Some of these substances are very toxic and corrosive material is stifling such fumes.Each gave standard answers. For example, researchers were standardized tests, was the “extreme metal” or “non-extreme metal” rock salt known or seen.

The scientists were surprised that many thousands of very pure substances contained two or three of the 92 items (and sometimes more), her face hidden in combination. Such highly pure materials (usually crystals form beautiful or pure liquids or gases, pure) were used as “composites”. The chemist’s primary mission of 400 years in the list of hundreds of thousands of such “pure chemical compounds,” Metallic and nonmetallic elements. Interestingly, three quarters of those “contacts” in the bodies of living organisms of plant and animal kingdom! Can be found

The scientists have important facts and many interesting. We already they knew that “connection” all have a hidden form in some “elements” are. Was usually no more than four or five elements in the compound, but compounds extracted from the kingdom of plants and animals, several factors could be inside. Most of the compounds was metal (extreme metal) and nonmetal (nonmetallic radical), but insome cases, such as metal oxides was completely absent extreme. One of the most important task of scientists of earlier centuries was to identify the “extreme metal” or “non-extreme metal” previously unknown compounds.

As I learned, suppressed the properties of elements and the compound has completely different properties. Ties, however, elements within a very well hidden in very clean. Each compound has a very solid melting boiling point. Pot boiling points of organic compounds were very low, and other minerals of inorganic compounds were very high. If two or three integrated elements by dissolving all in the same boat in the water or heating them together in some cases led to solid compleyely gone entitely and new materials fomed. Old material can not usually have to go back.

3) discovery of the atom
But the most surprising observation was taken in any combination in any amount made by a process of integration of elements, very, very modest by former weights, (1: 3:02:01), (2 : 01:04), (1:01:02), (1:1:1:4), etc. was not an exception. The scientists did not understand at first why should monitor inanimate elements, such as relatively simple.
Although the combination of a large sample weights were very tip amounts as 2.5649 g, 5.1298 g, etc. ’10 .2596 gms always have a very simple numerical ratio between the weights as 1:02:04, it was really very surprised.

The conclusion was inevitable. Each of 92 items that should be their own kind of tiny particles. As it should be 92 elemets are 92 species of tiny particles. The existence of such tiny particles called atoms was suggested by the ancient Greek philosophers. John Dalton of England (1766-1844) proposed that all nuclear component has very little ammunition, brittle solid. All atoms of an element should be similar in all respects exactly like performance, size, weight, react, etc. atoms are so tiny that, literally, billions of these balls on a patch of sand or sugar can!

Let’s imagine that we had small patches of each of 92 elements on a clean glass plate. (It’s only imagination!) We can imagine up to 92 clusters of beautiful bright solid areas (such as very small marbles) all the marbles in the cluster all the same as “color” and weight. Each stack element of the atomic spheres. (At the atomic level, we may not be able to tell the color of the atom).

All the things we see from the mountains to the small dust grains are only 92 types of the smallest atomic sphere, even in a microscope to see done. Even a grain of sand one minute of billions and billions of these tiny atoms.

We learned that all matter in the physical world is madeof 92 pure elements. Each element has its own atoms minute. Therefore, 92 species of atoms.We should realize that a small mass element as dough clay or gelatin. It’s really a pile of billions and billions of tiny separate balls. All atoms of an element are identical. They are also very difficult tiny solid fragile areas like small iron balls.

(3) is a molecule PARTCLE smallest area

The researchers found that many materials from the beautiful pure crystalline solid geometric shape created a uniform color. Crystals of the complex were always given the same geometric shape, color, solvent (usually water soluble). Crystals had a melting point very accurately.

first experiments on the separation of all scientists as many elements as possible (of tens of thousands of very careful experiments in the laboratories of hundreds of universities in Europe) targeted. Following experiments was to identify the components into a new unknown connection (say, a new stone, crystal salt, ash, ore, etc.). To this end, reactions with reagents a certain standard (known elements and compounds) were prepared and a hundred times repeated in laboratories world.Simply to the main task of it to find what consistedof Metal are not, resulting in new, unknown, or salt, other materials are included. These experiments were really the first big step in the process of modern chemistry. Analysys such experimental new material known has been called “analysis qualitatuive”

scientists not only invented this kind of routine testing apparatus structure compounds.Soon very ingenious way, very accurate weight measurement equipment. Scientists were now interested in the “weights of the elements” known amount of a compound. Very sensitive “chemical equilibrium” could not find the exact weights of the elements more accurately (up to 10,000 g). They invented the most accurate device also gasesat standard conditions of temperature and pressure.

consider such experiments (in very controlled conditions standard, repeated hundreds of times in many laboratories) can be determined by mathematical calculation of the weights of the elements which will be available in ten grams / 100 grams of an unknown sample new substance.They well rates by weight of the elements can work in a given sample of unknown material. This type of analysis of the composition by weight is called “quantitative analysis”. This was an accurate analysis of the weight, the chemical revolution. They found the most surprising elements that very simle weight ratio such as “01:02:04″, “02:03:01″, “2: 01:01″ look, while, etc. to respond and make new connections. It scentist confused, why have so still very modest elemets in millions of reactions without exception.

Stick scientists realized by comparing the density of elements, hydrogen atoms of the lightest was a standard unit will be taken to compare the weights of the atoms of other elements with it. Weight of hydrogen as a “1″ (not made, but standard) was added. The term “atomic weight” was born. Later, many improvements have been desired, but the concept has helped Chemistry revolutionizese.

researchers, led by John Dalton of England (1766-1844), announced the “atomic theory”. He explained that everyone has to like 92 minutes eleents their atoms, each of millions of tiny particles that have connections of their own. He called it “link atoms”, but who, like molecules in their name. Molecules of the compound also are exactly the same. In addition, they are not much bigger than an atom. Billions and billions of them can Crystal Sugar minute.

Dalton’s time to sit only a few thousand compounds were known compounds were the most simple mineral rock salt crystals of metal ores. The idea of ​​the molecule can be had at that time, the study combines the responses to mostly gaseous elements form compounds gases. But now we know, millions of ompound organic. All those millions of compounds, the solid, liquid or molecule has its own gaseous.

very large mass of water in the oceans and seas, mountain ranges and endless stone, endless stretches of sandy beaches from small molecules. Small molecules, so that about 20 million molecules can be placed in a row on a line one inch long. Billions and billions of water molecules contained in a droplet of water. Within each molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hidden atoms are locked in an invisible molecule. Seas and oceans are of such small molecules. All this nonsense looks amazing, but in all honesty is not a joke.

The air above the ground is mainly a mixture of molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and gases. The researchers found that each component gas has two atoms of the element to form a molecule of gas that join. Gas atom can not live without. Only live free gas molecules. Thus, oxygen gas, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, etc., we see, not only in its molecular form atomically. The molecules of liquid and solid particles are only stable independent. Molecules are generally stable only interrupt during “chemical reactions” with molecules of other substances. In the case of the air we breathe, it should be noted that oxygen and nitrogen molecules are available separately at a ratio of about four parts nitrogen oxygen.There some one has a chemical reaction between them (except during rare large storm waves Hevy), we can not breathe pure oxygen, but breathe a mixture of oxygen molecules MoLECL nitrogen.

(4) learned of millions of molecules

as we are, is very pure millionsof molecule of the compound contains compounds.The presribed number of atoms of elements in this context. Molecules are only slightly larger than atoms. We can say that the molecules are spherical container in which the fixed number of atoms of two or three components are well fixed with electrical bonds! Atoms are fixed face of the molecule without free movement. Atoms are completely hidden inside the molecule and its properties individul be totally suppressed , as already mentioned. millions of kinds of molecules are real “building blocks” of material (both living and dead) in the physical world.

“molecule” can be considered a tiny ball-shaped box. It usually contains less than fifteen or twenty atoms of two or three varietis of atoms. But where, as the molecules of salts, stones, etc. There are only four or five atoms, molecules of substances in the living body — such as blood and other body fluids, skin, muscles, bones and tissues of the parts other body, tender leaves, sticks, leaves, flowers, fiber, cereal, cooked food, paper, cloth — contain large amounts of atoms. even one molecule of this material may contain several hundred atoms!

another point very important very impressive (iesubstances get to live or dead animals) that “organic material 80% to 90% of all atoms within a molecule of carbon atoms molecules”derived. This carbon-carbon black it is, we see coal and a carbon atom, however, we find that, if things such as paper, rice grains, sticks, animal bones, etc. The fabric was burned, and carbon soot that we see if an oil lamp burning. There are dozens of chains of carbon atoms in the molecule all derived organic matter! But other types of atoms such as nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, etc., are also connected to a carbon atom chains.

(5) carbon atom basis of life

Finally, a word about “carbon atom” wonderful. This is one of “92 pure atoms” of the universe. In fact it is very important to understand that the carbon atom are all part of the body of all living creatures and the whole place is also found parts of the dead. Chemistry of living organisms including humans, depends on the chemistry of carbon. So, what we hate in my life “black coal” is actually a million times more important than gold! People call it science affectionately known as “carbon”. We can only now understand why carbon is so full of all organic materials.

carbon atoms has been very, very special quality that is other atoms. (It seems that only one or two exceptions). Several tens of carbon atoms (or sometimes even up to several hundreds or thousands of carbon atoms) combine all the beads as others. Any of billions of billions of carbon atoms in each are alive or dead organic matter are such carbon chains. That millions of such “organic chemical compounds” are.

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